Source side injection programming and tip erasing P-channel split gate flash memory cell

ABSTRACT

A split gate P-channel flash memory cell and method of forming a split gate P-channel flash memory cell which avoids of high erasing voltage, reverse tunneling during programming, drain disturb and over erase problems, and permits shrinking the cell dimensions. The control gate has a concave top surface which intersects with the sidewalls to form a sharp edge. The cell is programmed by charging the floating gate with electrons by means of hot electron injection from the channel into the floating gate. The cell is erased by discharging the excess electrons from the floating gate into the control gate using Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. The sharp edge at the intersection of the concave top surface and the sidewalls of the floating gate produces a high electric field between the control gate and the floating gate to accomplish the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling with only moderate voltage differences between the floating gate and control gate. The P-channel flash memory cell has a higher impact ionization rage for creating hot electrons so that the distance between the source and drain junctions and the length of the floating gate can be kept small thereby permitting the dimensions of the flash memory cell to be shrunk.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(1) Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a flash memory cell and more particularly to a P-channel flash memory cell using source side injection hot electron tunneling for programming the cell, and a sharp edge on the control gate and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling for erasing the cell.

(2) Description of the Related Art

U.S. Pat. No. 5,706,227 to Chang et al. describes a split gate P-channel flash memory cell which uses electron tunneling from the floating gate into the N-well for erasing the cell.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,480,821 to Chang describes source coupled N-channel split gate flash memory cells.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,067,108 to Jenq describes a flash memory cell using hot electron injection into the floating gate to program the cell and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of electrons from the floating gate to the control gate to erase the cell.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,161 to Ahn describes a method of forming a split gate flash EEPROM cell.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Flash memory cells are find frequent use in electrically programmable read only memory cells. N-channel flash memory cells however have a problem of reverse tunneling affecting unselected cells due to the bias voltages applied during programming of selected cells. Nitride spacers are frequently required to avoid this problem of reverse tunneling. P-channel flash memory cells using a double polysilicon split gate have a disadvantage of requiring a high erasing voltage and thin tunnel oxide. P-channel stacked gate flash memory cells suffer from drain disturb problems and over-erase problems. The ability to shrink N-channel flash memory cells is limited by the distance required between the source and drain junctions and the required length of the floating gate in order to create sufficient hot electrons to program the cell.

It is a principle objective of this invention to provide a method of forming a split gate P-channel flash memory cell which avoids these problems of high erasing voltage, reverse tunneling during programming, drain disturb and over erase problems, and permits shrinking the cell dimensions.

It is another principle objective of this invention to provide a split gate P-channel flash memory cell which avoids these problems of high erasing voltage, reverse tunneling during programming, drain disturb and over erase problems, and permits shrinking the cell dimensions.

These objectives are achieved by using a P-channel polysilicon split gate flash memory cell. The P-channel split gate flash memory cell has a floating gate and a control gate and a sharp edge on the floating gate. The cell is programmed by charging the floating gate with electrons by means of hot electron injection from the channel into the floating gate. The cell is erased by discharging the excess electrons from the floating gate into the control gate using Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. The floating gate is fabricated with a concave top surface so that a sharp edge is formed at the intersection of the concave top surface and the sidewalls of the floating gate. The sharp edge produces a high electric field between the control gate and the floating gate to accomplish the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling with only moderate voltage differences between the floating gate and control gate.

The length of the floating gate can be kept small so that the flash memory cell can be shrunk to small dimensions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a cross section view of an N-type silicon substrate having a layer of first oxide, a layer of first polysilicon, and a layer of silicon nitride formed thereon.

FIG. 2 shows a cross section view of the substrate of FIG. 1 with a patterned layer of first photoresist used to open a hole in the layer of silicon nitride.

FIG. 3 shows a cross section view of the substrate of FIG. 2 after growing a silicon oxide cap through the opening in the layer of silicon nitride.

FIG. 4 shows a cross section view of the substrate of FIG. 3 after removing the layer of silicon nitride.

FIG. 5 shows a cross section view of the substrate of FIG. 4 after forming the floating gate using the silicon oxide cap as a mask to etch away excess polysilicon.

FIG. 6 shows a cross section view of the substrate of FIG. 5 after etching away that part of the silicon oxide not covered by the floating gate.

FIG. 7 shows a cross section view of the substrate of FIG. 6 after depositing a layer of second oxide and a layer of second polysilicon and forming a second photoresist mask.

FIG. 8 shows a cross section view of the substrate of FIG. 7 after forming the control gate.

FIG. 9 shows a cross section view of the substrate of FIG. 8 after forming the source and drain.

FIG. 10 shows a cross section view of the flash memory cell showing the mechanism of programming the cell.

FIG. 11 shows a cross section view of the flash memory cell showing the mechanism of erasing the cell.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Refer now to FIGS. 1-9 for a preferred embodiment of a method of fabricating the P-channel flash memory cell of this invention. FIG. 1 shows a cross section view of a part of an N-type silicon substrate 10. A layer of first oxide 12, silicon oxide, having a thickness of between about 50 and 150 Angstroms is grown on the silicon substrate 10. A layer of first polysilicon 14, having a thickness of between about 1000 and 1400 Angstroms, is then deposited on the layer of first oxide 12. A layer of silicon nitride 16, having a thickness of between about 650 and 950 Angstroms, is then formed on the layer of first polysilicon 14.

Next, as shown in FIG. 2, a first layer of photoresist is formed on the layer of silicon nitride 16 and patterned using standard photolithographic techniques to form a first photoresist mask 18. The first photoresist mask 18 has an opening at the location where the floating gate will be formed. That part of the layer of silicon nitride 16 exposed by the first photoresist mask 18 is them etched away using conventional dry anisotropic etching techniques. The first photoresist mask 18 is then removed leaving the patterned layer of silicon nitride 16 having an opening at the location where the floating gate will be formed thereby exposing part of the layer of first polysilicon 14.

Next, as shown in FIG. 3, an oxide cap 20 is grown in that part of the layer of first polysilicon 14 exposed by the opening in the layer of silicon nitride 16. As shown in FIG. 3, the oxide cap 20 extends deeper into the polysilicon at the center of the opening in the layer of silicon nitride 16 than at the edge of the opening in the layer of silicon nitride 16. This oxide growth pattern is similar to the growth of oxide in the formation of field oxide isolation regions using the well known LOCOS process ad leaves a convex top surface on that part of the layer of first polysilicon 14 under the oxide cap 20. As shown in FIG. 4 the patterned layer of silicon nitride is then etched away using conventional anisotropic dry etching. As shown in FIG. 5 that part of the layer of first polysilicon not covered by the oxide cap 20 is etched away, using conventional anisotropic dry etching and the oxide cap 20 as a mask, thereby forming a polysilicon floating gate 15. As shown in FIG. 5, the convex top surface of the floating gate and the sidewalls of the floating gate intersect to form a sharp edge 32 on the floating gate.

Next, as shown in FIG. 6 that part of the layer of first oxide which is not under the floating gate is etched away, using wet etching and an etchant such as a 1% HF solution. As can be seen in FIG. 6 there is a slight undercutting of the layer of first oxide 12 under the floating gate which will have significance in later process steps. As shown in FIG. 7, a layer of second oxide 24 is then deposited on the wafer. The layer of second oxide 24 is silicon oxide having a thickness of between about 100 and 200 Angstroms. A layer of second polysilicon 26, having a thickness of between about 1500 and 2000 Angstroms, is then deposited on the layer of second oxide 24. The second polysilicon 24 can be doped or undoped polysilicon and can be deposited as polysilicon or can be deposited as amorphous silicon and recrystallized. As can be seen in FIG. 7, the slight undercutting of the first oxide 12 under the floating gate 15 causes a small protrusion 22 to form in the layer of second polysilicon 26.

As shown in FIG. 7, a second photoresist mask 28 is then formed on the layer of second polysilicon 26. As shown in FIG. 8, that part of the layer of second polysilicon not covered by the second photoresist mask is etched away using dry anisotropic etching thereby forming a control gate 27. This leaves a gap between the control gate 27 and the sharp edge 32 of the floating gate 15 of between about 100 and 500 Angstroms. The second photoresist mask is then removed. That part of the layer of second oxide not covered by the control gate 27 is then etched away leaving second oxide 24 between the floating gate 15 with the oxide cap 20 and the control gate 27 and between the control gate 27 and that part of the silicon substrate 10 which will become the channel.

Next, as shown in FIG. 9, spacers 30 are formed on the edges of the control gate 27 and on those parts of the sidewalls of the floating gate 15 using conventional techniques. Ion implantation is then used with the spacers 30, the control gate 25 and the floating gate 15 as a mask to form P⁺ type source 36 and drain 34 regions. The source and drain regions define a channel region 25 between the source and drain thereby completing the flash memory cell.

Refer now to FIGS. 10 and 11 for the preferred embodiment of the flash memory cell and the method of programming and erasing the flash memory cell. FIGS. 10 and 11 show the flash memory cell having an N type silicon substrate 10, a P⁺ type source region 36, a P⁺ type drain region 34, an N type channel region 25, a polysilicon floating gate 15, a first oxide 12 between the floating gate 15 and the channel region 25, an oxide cap 20 on the floating gate, a polysilicon control gate 27, and a second oxide 24 between the control gate 27 and the floating gate 15 and between the control gate 27 and the channel region 25. FIGS. 10 and 11 also show a sharp edge 32, formed by the intersection of the concave top and sidewalls of the floating gate, between the floating gate 15 and the control gate 27. FIGS. 10 and 11 also show the protrusion 22 of the control gate 27 near the channel region 25 and the control gate 15.

As shown in FIG. 10 to program the flash memory cell a voltage of between about -9.0 and -10.0 volts is supplied between the drain 34 and ground potential, a voltage of between about -4.5 and -5.5 volts is supplied between the control gate 27 and ground potential, the source 36 is held at ground potential, and the substrate 10 is held at ground potential. These voltages cause a deep depletion region 40 to form around the drain 34 causing holes to be accelerated from the source to the drain resulting in the formation of hot, or energetic, electrons near the drain which are injected into the floating gate 15 as shown by the arrow 38. This injection of hot electrons into the floating gate 15 charges the floating gate 15 negatively so that if a negative voltage is applied to the control gate 27 current can flow from the source 36 to the drain 34 as the flash memory cell is read. The P-channel flash memory cell programs faster than a comparable N-channel flash memory cell.

The method of erasing the flash memory cell is shown in FIG. 11. To erase the flash memory cell a voltage of between about 10.0 and 12.0 volts is supplied between the control gate 27 and ground potential while holding the source 36, the drain 34, and the substrate 10 at ground potential. The sharp edge 32 on the floating gate 15 causes a high electric field between the sharp edge of the floating gate and the control gate resulting in Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of electrons between the floating gate 15 and the control gate 27, as indicated by the arrow 40. The Fowler-Nordheim tunneling is quantum effect tunneling of electrons in their normal energy state and does not rely on the presence of hot, or energetic, electrons. This tunneling discharges the floating gate and erases the memory cell.

There are some practical advantages of P-channel flash memory cells compared to N-channel flash memory cells. During the programming cycle the P-channel flash memory cell has an impact ionization rate about three times a large as for an N-channel flash memory cell. This results in the creation of more hot, or energetic, electrons for programming the cell. With more hot electrons available the source junction to drain junction distance and the length of the floating gate can be reduced which allows the dimensions of the flash memory cell to be reduced. More hot electrons available also results in faster programming of the P-channel flash memory cell compared to the N-channel flash memory cell. The protrusion 22 in the control gate near the channel region and the floating gate can cause reverse tunneling of electrons from the control gate into the floating gate for an N-channel flash memory cell, but is not a problem for P-channel memory cells because of the voltages used for programming the P-channel flash memory cell are negative voltages. This reverse tunneling often makes nitride spacers necessary for N-channel flash memory cells but nitride spacers are not needed for P-channel flash memory cells.

While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of forming a P-Channel flash memory cell, comprising:providing a substrate, wherein said substrate is N type silicon; forming a layer of first oxide, having a first thickness, on said substrate; depositing a layer of first polysilicon, having a second thickness, on said layer of first oxide; depositing a layer of silicon nitride, having a third thickness, on said layer of first polysilicon; patterning said layer of silicon nitride thereby forming a first opening in said layer of silicon nitride and exposing part of said layer of first polysilicon; oxidizing that part of said layer of first polysilicon exposed by said first opening in said layer of silicon nitride thereby forming an oxide cap over that part of said layer of first polysilicon exposed by said first opening in said layer of silicon nitride so that the top surface of that part of said layer of first polysilicon directly below said oxide cap becomes curved; etching away that part of said layer of first polysilicon not covered by said oxide cap thereby forming a floating gate having sidewalls, a curved top surface, and a sharp edge at the intersection of said curved top surface and said sidewalls; net etching away that part of said layer of first oxide not covered by said floating gate to form an undercut; forming a layer of second oxide, having a fourth thickness, on said substrate covering said floating gate; depositing a layer of second polysilicon on said layer of second oxide; patterning said layer of second polysilicon, thereby forming a control gate having side edges, wherein said control gate covers part of said floating gate and part of said sharp edge of said floating gate so that the distance between said control gate and said sharp edge of said floating gate is a first distance and a protrusion is formed in the control gate corresponding to the undercut in the first oxide layer; forming oxide spacers on said side edges of said control gate and that part of said sidewalls of said floating gate not covered by said control gate; and implanting impurities into said substrate using ion implantation and said control gate, said floating gate, and said oxide spacers as a mask thereby forming a source and a drain in said substrate to form said P-channel flash memory cell.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said first thickness is between about 50 and 150 Angstroms.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said second thickness is between about 1000 and 1400 Angstroms.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said third thickness is between about 650 and 950 Angstroms.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said fourth thickness is between about 100 and 200 Angstroms.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein said first distance is between about 100 and 500 Angstroms.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said second polysilicon is recrystallized amorphous silicon.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said impurities implanted into said substrate are P type impurities and said source and said drain are P⁺ type silicon.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein said P-channel flash memory cell is programmed by injection of hot electrons from said channel region through said first oxide into said floating gate by means of supplying a voltage of between about -9.0 and -10.0 volts between said drain and ground potential, supplying a voltage of between about -4.5 and -5.5 volts between said control gate and ground potential, holding said source at ground potential, and holding said substrate at ground potential.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein said P-channel flash memory cell is erased by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of electrons from said sharp edge of said floating gate through said second oxide into said control gate by means of supplying a voltage of between about 10.0 and 12.0 volts between said control gate and ground potential while holding said source, said drain, and said substrate at ground potential. 